Q.Explain MICR,OCR and OMR.
Ans.:-MICR:-It stands for magnetic ink character recognition/reader.It is a character recognition system that uses special ink and characters.When a document that contains this ink needs to be read,it passes through a machine,which magnetizes the ink and then translates the magnetic information into characters.It provides a secure,high speed method of scanning and processing information.This technology is used for processing large volume of data. MICR technology is used by banks for faster processing of large volume of cheques.It speeds up data input for the bank because cheques can be directly fed into the input device as it also ensures accuracy of data entry.The most commonly used character set by MICR devices are known as E13B font which consists of the numerals 0 to 9 and four special characters.

OCR:-It stands for optical character recognition/reader.It is the recognition of printed or written text characters by a computer.This involves photoscanning of the text character-by-character,analysis of the scanned-in image and then translation of the character image into characters codes such as ASCII commonly used in data processing.It is widely uesd as a form of information entry from printed paper data records,whether passport documents,invoices,bank statements,computerised receipts,buisness cards,mail,printouts of static-data or any suitable documentation. It is a common method of digitising printed texts so that they can be electronically edited, searched,stored more compactly,displayed on-line and used in machine processes such as cognitive computing,machine translation,text-to-text speech,key data and text mining.OCR is a field of research in pattern recognition,artificial intelligence and computer vision.

OMR:-It stands for optical mark recognition/reader.OMR is the scanning of paper to detect the presence or absence of a mark in a predetermined position.Nowadays,it is used as an input device for source data entry purpose.Many traditional OMR devices work with a dedicated scanner device that shines a beam of light onto the form paper.The contrasting reflectivity at predetermined positions on a page is then used to detect these marked areas because they reflect less light than the blank areas of the paper. Universities and colleges often use OMR for the evaluation of OMR sheets for competitive exams. The use of OMR is not limited to schools or data collection agencies.Many buisnesses and health care agencies use OMR to streamline their data input processes and reduce input error.

Q.:-What are the characteristics of a computer?
Ans.:-The Characteristics of a computer are as follows:-
1.Speed:-In general,no human being can compete to solving the complex computation faster than computer. A computer works at an amazing speed without making any mistakes.Calculations can be done in microseconds (i.e. millionth of a second).The speed of a computer is measured in milliseconds or nanoseconds.

2.Accuracy:-A computer performs its task with great accuracy.The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is performed with same accuracy.It hardly commits mistakes in the processing of data.The errors generally occur when the input is inaccurate or the hardware is not functioning properly.

3.Reliability:-A computer is more reliable than a human being as it never gets tired and bored of the repetitive tasks.It can operate for long hours without taking rests.It process the data with high accuracy without any mistakes.

4.Storage capacity:-A computer can store a large amount of data in its memory in the form of documents, graphs,sound etc.This data can be retrieve whenever required.Now a days,the hard disk of 1024 GB is common and the hard disk of more than 1 TB is also available in the market.

5.Versatility:-A computer has capacity of multitasking.It can perform various types of tasks.For instance, one can enjoy listening to music while typing in Ms-word or while working on any other packages.We can play games,do calculation,make animations,surfing the net,send email etc.

6.Reduction in man power:-Computer has helped the entrepreneurs to become more efficient a result less staff is required to do the same job.This can ne noticed in banks,industries and in almost government and private sector offices.

7.Reduction in paper work:-The computer reduces the paper work of any organization.A computer stores data in the form of records in the memory that helps in reducing a lot of paper.

Q.What are Actual and Formal parameters?
Ans.:-Actual parameters:-The parameters which are mentioned in the function call are known as actual parameter.They are the values which are actually same to the called function.Actual parameters can be written in the form of variables,constant or expression for any function calls that return a value.

Formal parameters:-The parameters which are mentioned in the function definition part are called formal parameter.They are used just to hold the values that are sent by the calling function.The formal parameters are simply like other local variables of the function which are created when the function calls start and are destroyed when the function ends.

Q.:-What is Boolean Algebra?Explain with suitable example.
Ans.:-Boolean algebra is an algebra of logic.It is one of the most basic tools to analyze and design logic circuits.Boolean Algebra was developed by George Boole in 1854.As boolean algebra is applied to design of switching circuits,it is also known as switching algebra.It is the mathematics of representing the operations performed on the switching circuits in the form of expressions.
It is an algebraic system that is specially evolved for handling the binary number system. It deals with the binary number system,the variables used in the boolean expressions can only have two values 0 and 1.
For example,consider the following Boolean expression:-

           P+Q=R

In this expression,the variables P,Q and R can take only one of the two values 0 and 1.The variables used in the Boolean expression are called Boolean variables.

Q.What is meant by the base of a number system?Write base of binary,octal,decimal and hexadecimal number system.
The base of a number system is defined as the total number of digits or alphabets used in a number system.

Base of binary number system=2
Base of octal number system=8
Base of decimal number system=10
Base of hexadecimal number system=16

      Generation of computer

1.First generation of computer
The main features of first generation of computer are:-

• Vacuum tube technology
• Unreliable
• Supported machine language only
• Very costly
• Generated lot of heat
• Slow input and output devices
• Huge size
• Need of A.C.
• Non-portable
• Consumed lot of electricity

Some computers of this generation were:-

• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• UNIVAC
• IBM-701
• IBM-650

2.Second generation of computer
The main features of second generation of computer are:-

• Use of transistors
• Reliable in comparison to first generation of computers
• Smaller size as compared to first generation of computers
• Generated less heat ascompared to first generation of computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation of computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
• A.C. needed
• Supported machine and assembly languages

Some computers of this generation were:-

• IBM 1620
• IBM 7094
• CDC 1604
• CDC 3600
• UNIVAC 1108

3.Third generation of computer
The main features of third generation of computer are:-

• IC used
• More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
• Smaller size
• Generated less heat
• Faster
• Lesser maintenance
• Still costly
• A.C. needed
• Consumed lesser electricity
• Supported high-level language

Some computers of this generation were:-

• IBM-360 series
• Honeywell-6000 series
• PDP(Personal Data Processor)
• IBM-370/168
• TDC-316

4.Fourth generation of computer
The main features of fourth generation of computer are:-

• VLSI technology used
• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Use of PC's
• Very small size
• Pipeline processing
• No A.C. needed
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of networks
• Computers became easily available

Some computers of this generation were:-

• DEC 10
• STAR 1000
• PDP 11
• CRAY-1(Super Computer)
• CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

5.Fifth generation of computer
The main features of fifth generation of computer are:-

• ULSI technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• Development of natural language processing
• Advancement in parallel processing
• Advancement in superconductor technology
• More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
• Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates

Some computers of this generation are:-

• Desktop
• Laptop
• Notebook
• Ultrabook
• Chromebook

Q.Define algorithm and state properties of it?
Algorithm is a finite set of instructions that,if followed accomplishes a particular task.

Algorithm should satisfy the following criteria:-
1.Input:Zero or more quantities are externally supplied.
2.Output:At least one quantity is produced.
3.Definiteness:Each instruction is clear and unambiguous.Ex.:Add B or C to A.
4.Finiteness:Algorithm should terminate after finite number of steps when traced in all cases.Ex.:Go on adding elements to an array.
5.Effectiveness:Every instruction must be basic i.e.,it can be carried out,by a person using pencil and paper

Algorithm must also be general to deal with any situation.

     Algorithm

Advantages of algorithm:-
1.It provides the core solution to a given problem.The solution can be implemented on a computer system using any programming language of user's choice.
2.It facilitates program development by acting as a design document or a blue print of a given problem solution.
3.It ensures easy comprehension of a problem solution as compared to an equivalent computer program.
4.It eases identification and removal of logical errors in a program.
5.It facilitates algorithm analysis to find out the most efficient solution to a given problem.

Disadvantages of algorithm:-
1.In large algorithms the flow of program control becomes difficult to track.
2.Algorithms lack visual representation of programming constructs like flowchart;thus understanding the logic becomes relatively difficult.

Q.What is a computer?How is it different from human?
The word computer is derieved from Greek word compute which means to calculate.It is an electronic device that can perform a variety of task by executing a given set of instructions.We can input data and after its processed and give the meaningful result in the form of output.It is versatile and can handle multiple tasks like documentation ,accounting,designing,importing education,entertaining and many more.

Computer is different from human in following ways:-
1.Computers have the potential to increase the speed of their impulse transmission exponentially as opposed to humans.
2.Computers have a better ability for multitasking.
3.Computers are good at computations and logic while humans are exemplary in reasoning and imagination.
4.Computers do not think while human can.
5.Human create computer not computer create the human.

    Flowchart 

Purpose of a flowchart:-
1.Provides communication.
2.Provides an overview.
3.Shows all elements and their relationships.
4.Quick method of showing program flow.
5.Checks program logic.
6.Facilitates coding.
7.Provides program revision.
8.Provides program documentation.

Advantages of a flowchart:-
1.Flowchart is an important aid in the development of an algorithm itself.
2.Easier to understand than a program itself.
3.Independent of any particular programming language.
4.Proper documentation.
5.Proper debugging.
6.Easy and clear presentation.

Limitations of a flowchart:-
1.Complex logic.
2.Drawing is time consuming.
3.Difficult to draw and remember.
4.Technical detail.

Q.:-What are the different steps followed in program development?
Ans.:-Program development is a multi step process as follows:
1.Understand the problem
2.Develop a solution-Algorithm-Pseudocode-Flowchart
3.Write a program
4.Test it

For program development,developers are given
Program requirement statement
Design of program interfaces
Overview of the complete project

1.Understand the problem:The first step in solving any problem is understand it.We begin by reading the requirements statements carefully.When we think that we fully understand it,we review our understanding with the user and the system analyst.
Example:Calculate the square footage of house.
The questions that arise are
a)What is definition of square footage?
b)How is it useful?

2.System requirement:We do planning of functional requirements-software's version,Non-functional requirements-Resources-Internet,table,A/Css,coffee.User functional requirements-problem oriented and language used is in simple i.e.English.

3.Analysis:User requirements are transformed to technical terms like Blueprint and also look for different alternatives considering all risks.

4.Design:In UML software users will develop flowcharts,structure charts,data flow diagrams
a)Choose the best way to find solution among different alternatives.
b)Choose in analysis,design files,databases and functions.

5.Code:Important in software development life cycle
a)Uses software for code generation (forward energy)
b)Otherwise go for manual coding.
c)Basic testing is done (compilation)

6.System Test:Test if user requirements are met Blackbox testing:Test programs together,make sure system works as a whole.Whitebox testing:Realease alpha-version to customer,according to his/her feed back we develop beta-version:beta-version is released to selected group of people.

7.Maintenance:Keeps the system working once it has been put in to production.

            CACHE MEMORY   

Advantages of cache memory:-
1.Cache memory is faster than main memory.
2.It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
3.It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
4.It stores data for temporary use.

Disadvantages of cache memory:-
1.Cache memory has limited capacity.
2.It is very expensive.

Difference between primary memory and secondary memory

Primary memory	Secondary memory
1.It is known as main memory.	1.It is known as backup memory.
2.These are semiconductor memories.	2.These are magnetic and optical memories.
3.It is usually volatile memory.	3.It is non-volatile memory.
4.In this type of memory,data is lost in case power is switched off.	4.In this type of memory,data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
5.It is working memory of the computer.	5.It is used for storage of data in a computer.
6.A computer cannot run without primary memory.	6.Computer may run without secondary memory.
7.It is faster than secondary memory.	7.It is slower than primary memory.

Some of the facilities offered by operating system (OS) are as following:-

• It communicates with the computer operator by means of the console unit or keyboard.
• It controls the flow of jobs by loading and unloading of programs.
• It under takes error diagnosis and recovery techniques in case of error conditions.
• It allocates peripherals to programs and check their availability.
• OS warns the operator when peripheral units require alteration.
• OS supervises operation including compilation and execution of programmer.

Basic components of PC:-

• Processor
• Hard Disk
• RAM
• Monitor (VDU)
• Keyboard
• Drives-Hard Disk,Floppy Disk and CD-ROM
• Mouse
• Optional Components-Printers,Scanner,Modem,Multimedia kit(Speaker)

OUTPUT DEVICES
List of some output devices are as follows:-

• Monitor
• Printer
• Plotter
• Projector
• Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
• Speaker
• Headphone
• LCD Projection Panels
• Visual Display Unit(VDU)

INPUT DEVICES
List of some input devices are as follows:-

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light Pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet
• Microphone
• Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)
• Optical Character Reader (OCR)
• Bar Code Reader
• Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

Difference between interpreter and compiler

Compiler	Interpreter
1.It translates the entire program.	1.It translates the program line by line or statement by statement.
2.It requires more main memory.	2.It requires less main memory.
3.It converts the entire program into machine-code,when all the syntax errors are removed and executes the object code directly.	3.Each time the program is executed ,every line /statement is checked for syntax error and then translated to equivalent machine code.
4.Neither source nor the compiler is required for execution (execute direct object code).	4.Source program and the interpreter is required for execution.
5.It is slow for debugging and testing stage.	5.It is good for fast debugging and at testing stage.
6.Its execution time is less.	6.Its execution time is more.

Difference between RAM and ROM

RAM	ROM
1.It stands for random access memory.	1.It stands for read only memory.
2.It is volatile memory i.e.temporary in nature.	2.It is non-volatile memory i.e.permanent in nature.
3.We can read and write the data present in the RAM.	3.We can only read the data present in ROM.
4.It stores the application programs.	4.It stores the initial program to start a computer.
5.The types of RAM are SRAM,DRAM,SDRAM and DDR.	5.The types of ROM are PROM,EPROM,EEPROM and masked ROM.

Storage units:-

Sr. No.	Unit	Description
1.	Nibble	1 Nibble=4 Bits
2.	Byte	1 Byte=8 Bits
3.	Kilobyte (KB)	1 KB=1024 Bytes
4.	Megabyte (MB)	1 MB=1024 KB
5.	Gigabyte (GB)	1 GB=1024 MB
6.	Terabyte (TB)	1 TB=1024 GB
7.	Petabyte (PB)	1 PB=1024 TB

Applications of Computer
Computers are widely used in following main application areas including scientific,commercial and education that are as follows:-

1.Science and Technology

• Engineering Applications
• Space Technology Applications
• Medical and Medicine Applications
• Defence Applications
• Telecommunication and Networking Applications

2.Commercial Applications

• Banking Applications
• Payroll System
• Industrial Administration Applications
• Business and Administration Applications

3.Educational Applications

• Computer Assisted Learning (CAL)
• Co Aided Instruction (CAI)

Relationship between hardware and software are as following:-
1.Hardware and software are mutually dependent on each other.Both of them must work together to make a computer produce a useful output.
2.Software cannot be utilized without supporting hardware.
3.Hardware without set of programs to operate upon cannot be utilized and is useless.
4.To get a particular job done on the computer,relevant software should be laoded into the hardware.
5.Hardware is a one-time expense.
6.Software development is very expensive and is a counting expense.
7.Different software applications can be loaded on a hardware to run different jobs.
8.A software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
9.If hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system,then software is its 'soul'.Both are complimentary to each other.